Skip to main content

If everything in the universe has a cause, what caused the first cause?

The problem with creation is this: God is infinite, so nothing outside it can exist. What is limited by something outside itself is finite. On the other hand, the finite being must exist for there to be any creation at all. This is how the problem was solved in earlier times: what is finite is composed of two principles, essence and existence. The finite entity does not have any genuine existence; its existence is derivative, i.e. through another, and no finite being can explain the existence of any other finite entity because it too would have its existence through another. Hence, whatever is finite is explained only by reference to the infinite. The Infinite, on the other hand, is a simple entity, it’s very essence involves its existence, hence its existence is not through another. Plotinus regarded this infinite being as self-caused, but to be the cause of oneself is to suppose a distance from oneself. It seems, however, his intention was only to point out that God is the uncaused cause of all things. Only what is finite requires a ground, but God is self-grounded, which is to say it does not need a ground. The reason for its existence is within itself. The opposite of this view is Heidegger’s - Dasein’s being-in-the-world is the not-self grounded ground of Dasein. This is to say that the finite being’s existence is groundless, and it simply finds itself thrown within the temporal world. The modern view is that the particular or the finite is real, and if there is a God at all, He is the unknowable beyond of finite beings. This is the affirmation of the self-sufficiency of finitude from God. The Idealist view is different; the infinite or the universal is what is alone real, and the particular, so far as it can be regarded as existent at all, is existent through what is other than itself, and this another cannot be another finite being. The self-grounded ground is an actual infinite and so not in need of something external to ground itself.

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

Ramanuja and Nimbarka

  The primary question for any Vedanta philosophy is what is the relation between Brahman and the world and Brahman and the individual souls. Nimbarka takes this relation to be one of identity and difference. He gives the analogy of a coiled snake and of sun and its rays. Brahman is both immanent and transcendent; the souls and matter are really just the different manifest states of the one Brahman. The concern with such a philosophy is to show that the immanence of Brahman does not compromise its unity and the impurities that accrue to the soul and matter do not thereby affect Brahman. Ramanuja believes that this is not possible in the Bheda-Abheda system (his criticisms of Bhaskara would with certain modifications apply also to Nimbarka). The reason is identity and difference cannot be affirmed simultaneously of the same object. Identity is an absolute relation or in the logical terminology of Nyaya it is a locus pervading relation. In terms of Modern Logic identity is a reflexiv...

SCHOOLS OF INDIAN THOUGHT - PART 2 - NYAYA EPISTEMOLOGY

  I. JNANA Jnana is usually translated as cognition. Cognition is the only thing that has intentionality or the property of being directed at the world. It reveals objects in the world towards which goal directed action can be initiated. It is of the nature of illumination like a lamp and generates awareness in the subject of is objects. It is always used in an episodic sense and never in a dispositional sense. The later job is done by samskaras. Jnana is used to connote mental states like perception, memory, introspection, assumption, doubt, belief etc. Jnana is divided into anubhava and smriti. Anubhava is of the nature of presentation of its object while smriti is recollection of a previous experience. Anubhava of an object makes an impression in the mind of the subject and is stored there. When it is revived due to diverse factors it leads to memory of its object. So anubhava is presentational, of the form ‘I experience an object’, while memory is derivative on anubhava for i...

Anyathakhyativada

  Anyatha-khyati-vada basically says that error involves seeing something different from the way it actually is. Every cognition is structured in a certain way; we see something as something. Thus in the cognition: This is a red tomato; tomato is seen as possessing red color; so schematically the cognition is of the form a-R-b where (a) is the qualificand and (b) the qualifier and R the relation between the two which in this case is inherence. The qualifier resides in the qualificand and distinguishes it from everything else that does not possess that qualifier. Thus red color here is the distinguishing feature of tomato which is the qualificand and distinguishes it from anything else possessing a different color. In erroneous cognition the qualificand is seen as qualified by something that does not reside within it e.g. black color in case of a cognition of what really is a red tomato seen as black. Now for Nyaya in a false cognition a and b are both real entities but they are wro...